Details of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)

General Information of API (ID: D00352)
Name
Leflunomide
Synonyms    Click to Show/Hide the Synonyms of This API
leflunomide; 75706-12-6; lefunamide; Leflunomida; Leflunomidum; 5-methyl-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamide; HWA 486; Leflunomidum [INN-Latin]; HWA-486; 5-methyl-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)isoxazole-4-carboxamide; Arava (TN); 5-Methyl-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-isoxazolecarboxamide; 5-Methylisoxazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-trifluoromethyl)anilide; 4-Isoxazolecarboxamide, 5-methyl-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-; alpha,alpha,alpha-Trifluoro-5-methyl-4-isoxazolecarboxy-p-toluidide; UNII-G162GK9U4W; SU-101; 5-methyl-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isoxazole-4-carboxamide; CHEMBL960; RS-34821; MLS000069648; CHEBI:6402; G162GK9U4W; 5-Methylisoxazole-4-(4-trifluoromethylcarboxanilide); MFCD00867593; NCGC00015610-02; SMR000058209; 5-methyl-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-isoxazolecarboxamide; 4-Isoxazolecarboxamide, 5-methyl-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-; CAS-75706-12-6; DSSTox_CID_3201; DSSTox_RID_76923; DSSTox_GSID_23201; Leflunomida [INN-Spanish]; SU 101 (pharmaceutical); Lefunomide [Inn-Spanish]; HSDB 7289; SR-01000000191; Arabloc; N-(4'-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamide; L04AA13; Prestwick_87; Leflunomide [USAN:USP:INN:BAN]; SU 101; Spectrum_000322; Opera_ID_1709; Prestwick0_000772; Prestwick1_000772; Prestwick2_000772; Prestwick3_000772; Spectrum5_000850; Lopac-L-5025; L 5025; SCHEMBL5057; BIDD:PXR0189; Lopac0_000649; BSPBio_000844; KBioSS_000802; Leflunomide, Immunosuppressant; MLS001076267; DivK1c_000916; Leflunomide (JAN/USP/INN); SPECTRUM1503927; 5-Methylisoxazole-4-(4-trifluoromethyl)carboxanilide; SPBio_002783; BPBio1_000930; GTPL6825; ISO054; ZINC4840; DTXSID9023201; HMS502N18; KBio1_000916; KBio2_000802; KBio2_003370; KBio2_005938; AOB5964; NINDS_000916; 4-Isoxazolecarboxamide, 5-methyl-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl; 5-methyl-n-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-isoxazolecarboxamid; HMS1570K06; HMS1922M06; HMS2090O12; HMS2097K06; HMS2235C07; HMS3262A19; HMS3268D12; HMS3371F21; HMS3414P03; HMS3654F07; HMS3673M17; HMS3678N21; HMS3714K06; HMS3865I13; Pharmakon1600-01503927; ALBB-019233; BCP22241; EBD46417; HY-B0083; Tox21_110182; Tox21_301873; Tox21_500649; ABP001076; BDBM50054601; DL-433; NSC677411; NSC759864; STL426823; AKOS000265193; Tox21_110182_1; AC-6796; BCP9000846; CCG-204736; CS-1781; DB01097; KS-1076; LP00649; MCULE-9490869974; NSC-677411; NSC-759864; SB17287; SDCCGSBI-0050629.P003; IDI1_000916; NCGC00015610-01; NCGC00015610-03; NCGC00015610-04; NCGC00015610-05; NCGC00015610-06; NCGC00015610-07; NCGC00015610-08; NCGC00015610-09; NCGC00015610-10; NCGC00015610-11; NCGC00015610-12; NCGC00015610-13; NCGC00015610-14; NCGC00015610-17; NCGC00015610-18; NCGC00015610-30; NCGC00022625-03; NCGC00022625-04; NCGC00022625-05; NCGC00022625-06; NCGC00022625-07; NCGC00022625-08; NCGC00255370-01; NCGC00261334-01; AK161855; ST079287; Leflunomide 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile; AB0007396; AB00052389; EU-0100649; FT-0621959; SW196399-3; C07905; D00749; MLS-0003109.0001; AB00052389-17; AB00052389-18; AB00052389_19; AB00052389_21; 706L126; Q248550; Q-201289; SR-01000000191-2; SR-01000000191-4; SR-01000000191-7; BRD-K78692225-001-03-9; BRD-K78692225-001-11-2; 5-methyl-4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)aminocarbonylisoxazole; 5-methyl-4-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)aminocarbonylisoxazole; Leflunomide, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard; N-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamide; 5-methyl-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)isoxazole-4-carboxamide;; 5-Methyl-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl]isoxazole-4-carboxamide; 5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-trifluoromethyl)-anilide; N-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-5-methylisoxa-zole-4-carboxamide; (5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carboxamide; Isoxazole-4-carboxamide, 5-methyl-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-; Leflunomide, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard; HWA486; RS-34821; SU101;HWA 486; RS 34821; SU 101; Leflunomide, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Clinical Status
Approved
Disease Indication Rheumatoid arthritis ICD-11: FA20 [1]
PubChem CID
3899
Formula
C12H9F3N2O2
Canonical SMILES
CC1=C(C=NO1)C(=O)NC2=CC=C(C=C2)C(F)(F)F
InChI
1S/C12H9F3N2O2/c1-7-10(6-16-19-7)11(18)17-9-4-2-8(3-5-9)12(13,14)15/h2-6H,1H3,(H,17,18)
InChIKey
VHOGYURTWQBHIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
   Click to Show/Hide the Molecular Data (Structure/Property) of This API
Structure
<iframe style="width: 300px; height: 300px;" frameborder="0" src="https://embed.molview.org/v1/?mode=balls&cid=3899"></iframe>
3D MOL 2D MOL
Physicochemical Properties Molecular Weight 270.21 Topological Polar Surface Area 55.1
XlogP 2.5 Complexity 327
Heavy Atom Count 19 Rotatable Bond Count 2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 1 Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 6
Full List of Drug Formulations (DFMs) Containing This API
          Leflunomide 10 mg tablet Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Formulation(s):        10 Formulation(s)
             Drug Formulation 1 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Lactose monohydrate; Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Crospovidone; Hypromellose; Polysorbate 80; Povidone; Colloidal silicon dioxide; Polyethylene glycol; Starch, corn
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Physicians Total Care
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Hypromellose DIG Info Cytochrome P450 3A5 (IC50 = 19.4 uM) [2]
Polysorbate 80 DIG Info Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 (IC50 = 1 uM) [3]
Povidone DIG Info Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (IC50 = 78.3 uM) [2]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Crospovidone DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 2 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Anhydrous lactose; Lactose monohydrate; Magnesium stearate; Talc; Titanium dioxide; Triacetin; Crospovidone; Polyethylene glycol 3350; Silicon dioxide; Hypromelloses; Povidone k29/32; Starch, corn
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Teva Pharmaceuticals
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Crospovidone DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Polyethylene glycol 3350 DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression upregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 3 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Lactose monohydrate; Magnesium stearate; Talc; Titanium dioxide; Crospovidone; Povidone; Silicon dioxide; Hypromelloses; Polyethylene glycol 8000; Starch, corn
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company NorthStar Rx
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Povidone DIG Info Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (IC50 = 78.3 uM) [2]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Crospovidone DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 4 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Lactose monohydrate; Magnesium stearate; Talc; Titanium dioxide; Crospovidone; Povidone; Silicon dioxide; Hypromelloses; Polyethylene glycols; Starch, corn
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Alembic Pharmaceuticals; Trigen Laboratories
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Povidone DIG Info Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (IC50 = 78.3 uM) [2]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Crospovidone DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 5 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Lactose monohydrate; Magnesium stearate; Talc; Titanium dioxide; Crospovidone; Povidone; Silicon dioxide; Hypromelloses; Polyethylene glycols
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Prasco
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Povidone DIG Info Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (IC50 = 78.3 uM) [2]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Crospovidone DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 6 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Lactose monohydrate; Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Crospovidone; Polysorbate 80; Povidone; Colloidal silicon dioxide; Hypromelloses; Polyethylene glycol; Starch, corn
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Sandoz
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Polysorbate 80 DIG Info Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 (IC50 = 1 uM) [3]
Povidone DIG Info Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (IC50 = 78.3 uM) [2]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Crospovidone DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 7 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Lactose monohydrate; Magnesium stearate; Talc; Croscarmellose sodium; Silicon dioxide; Starch, corn
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Heritage Pharmaceuticals
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Carmellose sodium DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression upregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 8 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Anhydrous lactose; Magnesium stearate; Crospovidone; Silicon dioxide
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Apotex
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Crospovidone DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 9 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Anhydrous lactose; Magnesium stearate; Crospovidone; Silicon dioxide
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Golden State Medical Supply
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Crospovidone DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 10 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Lactose monohydrate; Magnesium stearate; Talc; Titanium dioxide; Silicon dioxide; Crospovidone (15 mpa.s at 5%); Hypromelloses; Polyethylene glycols; Povidones
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Winthrop
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
          Leflunomide 20 mg tablet Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Formulation(s):        10 Formulation(s)
             Drug Formulation 1 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Lactose monohydrate; Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Crospovidone; Hypromellose; Polysorbate 80; Povidone; Colloidal silicon dioxide; Polyethylene glycol; Starch, corn
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Physicians Total Care
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Hypromellose DIG Info Cytochrome P450 3A5 (IC50 = 19.4 uM) [2]
Polysorbate 80 DIG Info Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 (IC50 = 1 uM) [3]
Povidone DIG Info Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (IC50 = 78.3 uM) [2]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Crospovidone DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 2 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Anhydrous lactose; Lactose monohydrate; Magnesium stearate; Ferric oxide yellow; Talc; Titanium dioxide; Triacetin; Crospovidone; Polyethylene glycol 3350; Silicon dioxide; Hypromelloses; Povidone k29/32; Starch, corn
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Teva Pharmaceuticals
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Crospovidone DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Polyethylene glycol 3350 DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression upregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 3 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Lactose monohydrate; Magnesium stearate; Ferric oxide yellow; Talc; Titanium dioxide; Crospovidone; Povidone; Silicon dioxide; Hypromelloses; Polyethylene glycol 8000; Starch, corn
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company NorthStar Rx
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Povidone DIG Info Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (IC50 = 78.3 uM) [2]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Crospovidone DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 4 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Lactose monohydrate; Magnesium stearate; Ferric oxide yellow; Talc; Titanium dioxide; Crospovidone; Povidone; Silicon dioxide; Hypromelloses; Polyethylene glycols; Starch, corn
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Alembic Pharmaceuticals; Avera McKennan Hospital; Trigen Laboratories
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Povidone DIG Info Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (IC50 = 78.3 uM) [2]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Crospovidone DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 5 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Lactose monohydrate; Magnesium stearate; Ferric oxide yellow; Talc; Titanium dioxide; Crospovidone; Povidone; Silicon dioxide; Hypromelloses; Polyethylene glycols
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Prasco
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Povidone DIG Info Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (IC50 = 78.3 uM) [2]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Crospovidone DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 6 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Lactose monohydrate; Magnesium stearate; Ferric oxide yellow; Talc; Titanium dioxide; Crospovidone; Silicon dioxide; Hypromelloses; Polyethylene glycols; Povidones
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Bryant Ranch Prepack
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Crospovidone DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 7 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Lactose monohydrate; Magnesium stearate; Talc; Croscarmellose sodium; Silicon dioxide; Starch, corn
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Dispensing Solution; Heritage Pharmaceuticals
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Carmellose sodium DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression upregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 8 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Anhydrous lactose; Magnesium stearate; Crospovidone; Silicon dioxide
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Apotex
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Crospovidone DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 9 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Anhydrous lactose; Magnesium stearate; Crospovidone; Silicon dioxide
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Golden State Medical Supply
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Crospovidone DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 10 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Lactose monohydrate; Magnesium stearate; Ferric oxide yellow; Talc; Titanium dioxide; Silicon dioxide; Crospovidone (15 mpa.s at 5%); Hypromelloses; Polyethylene glycols; Povidones
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Winthrop
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
References
1 FDA label for approved leflunomide from the official website of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
2 Mediation of in vitro cytochrome p450 activity by common pharmaceutical excipients. Mol Pharm. 2013 Jul 1;10(7):2739-48.
3 The activities of drug inactive ingredients on biological targets. Science. 2020 Jul 24;369(6502):403-413.
4 Effects of commonly used excipients on the expression of CYP3A4 in colon and liver cells. Pharm Res. 2010 Aug;27(8):1703-12.

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