General Information of DFM (ID: F13232)
Name	Metformin 500 mg tablet
Company	AvKARE
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)	Metformin		API Info click to show the detail info of this API
	Diabetes mellitus		ICD-11: 5A10	Approved
Drug Inactive Ingredient (DIGs)
	DIG ID	DIG Info	DIG Name	DIG Functional Class
	E03SQI	DIG Info	Carmellose sodium	Disintegrant
	E0NN4I	DIG Info	Dextrin	Binding agent ...
	E01UTP	DIG Info	Magnesium stearate	lubricant
	E0Q7IF	DIG Info	Povidone	Binding agent ...
	E0M1JK	DIG Info	Propylene glycol	Antimicrobial preservative ...
	E0QY1F	DIG Info	Talc	Anticaking agent ...
	E05BSD	DIG Info	Titanium dioxide	Coating agent ...

Full List of Biological Targets of DIG (DBTs) Regulated by DIG(s) in This DFM
Oxidoreductase (ORase)
DBT Name: Albendazole monooxygenase (CYP3A4)				Click to Show/Hide
Detailed Information	DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
Interacting DIG	Propylene glycol
Biological Activity	Inhibition ratio < 20 % (tested by experiment)					[1]
Tested Species	Homo sapiens (Human)
UniProt ID	CP3A4_HUMAN
Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
Interacting DIG	Magnesium stearate
Biological Activity	Protein expression downregulation (tested by experiment)					[2]
Tested Species	Homo sapiens (Human)
UniProt ID	CP3A4_HUMAN
Experiment (3) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
Interacting DIG	Carmellose sodium
Biological Activity	Protein expression upregulation (tested by experiment)					[2]
Tested Species	Homo sapiens (Human)
UniProt ID	CP3A4_HUMAN
Experiment (4) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
Interacting DIG	Carmellose sodium
Biological Activity	Protein expression upregulation (tested by experiment)					[2]
Tested Species	Homo sapiens (Human)
UniProt ID	CP3A4_HUMAN
Experiment (5) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
Interacting DIG	Povidone
Biological Activity	IC50 = 107 uM (tested by experiment)					[3]
Tested Species	Homo sapiens (Human)
UniProt ID	CP3A4_HUMAN
Experiment (6) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
Interacting DIG	Povidone
Biological Activity	Protein expression upregulation (tested by experiment)					[2]
Tested Species	Homo sapiens (Human)
UniProt ID	CP3A4_HUMAN
Lyase/isomerase/ligase (L/I/G)
DBT Name: Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CYP1A2)				Click to Show/Hide
Detailed Information	DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
Interacting DIG	Povidone
Biological Activity	IC50 = 78.3 uM (tested by experiment)					[3]
Tested Species	Homo sapiens (Human)
UniProt ID	CP1A2_HUMAN
Cell line (CELL)
DBT Name: Colon cancer Caco-2 cells (Caco-2)				Click to Show/Hide
Detailed Information	DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
Interacting DIG	Dextrin
Biological Activity	Inhibition ratio > 55 % (tested by experiment)					[4]
Tested Species	Homo sapiens (Human)

References
1	Pharmaceutical excipients inhibit cytochrome P450 activity in cell free systems and after systemic administration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2008 Sep;70(1):279-88.
2	Effects of commonly used excipients on the expression of CYP3A4 in colon and liver cells. Pharm Res. 2010 Aug;27(8):1703-12.
3	Mediation of in vitro cytochrome p450 activity by common pharmaceutical excipients. Mol Pharm. 2013 Jul 1;10(7):2739-48.
4	Interactions between human multidrug resistance related protein (MRP2; ABCC2) and excipients commonly used in self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS). Int J Pharm. 2013 Apr 15;447(1-2):192-8.

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