Details of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)

General Information of API (ID: D00343)
Name
Ketoprofen
Synonyms    Click to Show/Hide the Synonyms of This API
ketoprofen; 22071-15-4; 2-(3-Benzoylphenyl)propanoic acid; 2-(3-Benzoylphenyl)propionic acid; Orudis; m-Benzoylhydratropic acid; Ketoprofene; Profenid; Oruvail; Actron; 3-Benzoylhydratropic acid; Alrheumun; Capisten; Epatec; Orudis (TN); Ketoprofeno; RP-19583; Ketoprophene; 2-[3-(phenylcarbonyl)phenyl]propanoic acid; 2-(m-Benzoylphenyl)propionic acid; Racemic ketoprofen; 3-BENZOYL-ALPHA-METHYLBENZENEACETIC ACID; RU 4733; Ketoprofen (Actron); CHEBI:6128; Benzeneacetic acid, 3-benzoyl-.alpha.-methyl-; Alrheumat; CHEMBL571; Propionic acid, 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)-; (S)-Ketoprofen;Dexketoprofen; 19583 RP; L'Acide (benzoyl-3-phenyl)-2-propionique; MLS000079024; Orudis KT; MFCD00055790; S-(+)-Ketoprofen; Kefenid; Ketopron; Menamin; Meprofen; Orugesic; Oscorel; SMR000040181; Fastum; Lertus; Toprec; Toprek; DSSTox_CID_771; R.P. 19,583; racemic-Ketoprofen; DSSTox_RID_75783; DSSTox_GSID_20771; Ketoprofenum; RP 19583; Ketoprofene [INN-French]; Ketoprofenum [INN-Latin]; Ketoprofeno [INN-Spanish]; Ketoprofen (+-); (+-)-m-Benzoylhydratropic acid; Benzeneacetic acid, 3-benzoyl-alpha-methyl-; SR-01000075949; CCRIS 4508; (+-)-3-Benzoyl-alpha-methylbenzeneacetic acid; (+) ketoprofen; NCGC00016757-01; Ketoprofen ,(S); Acide (benzoyl-3-phenyl)-2-propionique [French]; Prestwick_617; EINECS 244-759-8; 2-[3-(benzoyl)phenyl]propanoic acid; CAS-22071-15-4; 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)-propionic acid; Hydratropic acid, m-benzoyl-, (+-)-; Acide (benzoyl-3-phenyl)-2-propionique; Spectrum_001309; Opera_ID_509; Prestwick0_000219; Prestwick1_000219; Prestwick2_000219; Prestwick3_000219; Spectrum2_000956; Spectrum3_001479; Spectrum4_000028; Spectrum5_001254; m-benzoyl-hydratropic acid; Epitope ID:131783; K 1751; SCHEMBL2896; Lopac0_000686; Oprea1_117113; BSPBio_000237; BSPBio_003037; KBioGR_000435; KBioSS_001789; MLS000028446; MLS001201752; MLS001306444; MLS002548889; MLS006011967; BIDD:GT0443; DivK1c_000598; SPECTRUM1501215; SPBio_000952; SPBio_002158; Benzeneacetic acid, 3-benzoyl-alpha-methyl-, (+-)-; BPBio1_000261; GTPL4795; IDEA-033; Ketoprofen (JP17/USP/INN); Ketoprofen, >=98% (TLC); DTXSID6020771; DKYWVDODHFEZIM-UHFFFAOYSA-; HMS501N20; KBio1_000598; KBio2_001789; KBio2_004357; KBio2_006925; KBio3_002537; (+/-)-m-Benzoylhydratropic acid; NINDS_000598; HMS1568L19; HMS1921B12; HMS2089B16; HMS2092L19; HMS2095L19; HMS2234H16; HMS3259I05; HMS3262I13; HMS3372M08; HMS3373G09; HMS3649N10; HMS3655C15; HMS3712L19; HMS3884K04; Pharmakon1600-01501215; BCP23428; HY-B0227; 2-(3'-benzoylphenyl)propionic acid; 2-(3-benzoylphenyl) propionic acid; alpha(3-benzoylphenyl)propionic acid; Tox21_110594; Tox21_200847; Tox21_500686; (.+/-.)-m-Benzoylhydratropic acid; 2-(3-benzoylphenyl) propionoic acid; alpha-(m-benzoylphenyl)propionic acid; BDBM50022271; CCG-39685; NSC758144; SBB063946; STL450995; 2-(3-Benzoylphenyl)propanoic acid #; alpha-(3-benzoylphenyl)propionic acid; AKOS007930512; alpha-(m-benzoylphenyl) propionic acid; Tox21_110594_1; 19583RP; AC-1486; BCP9000810; DB01009; Ketoprofen [USAN:USP:INN:BAN:JAN]; KS-5031; LP00686; MCULE-9740144074; NC00459; NSC-758144; RU-4733; SDCCGSBI-0050664.P004; IDI1_000598; (rs)-2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propanoic acid; NCGC00015578-02; NCGC00015578-03; NCGC00015578-04; NCGC00015578-05; NCGC00015578-07; NCGC00015578-08; NCGC00015578-10; NCGC00015578-12; NCGC00015578-23; NCGC00094043-01; NCGC00094043-02; NCGC00094043-03; NCGC00094043-04; NCGC00258401-01; NCGC00261371-01; AK-47496; BR-47496; Ketoprofen 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile; 3-Benzoyl-.alpha.-methylbenzeneacetic acid; BCP0726000302; SBI-0050664.P003; (+/-)-2-(3-Benzoylphenyl)propionic acid; L''Acide (benzoyl-3-phenyl)-2-propionique; UNM-0000306100; AB00052249; AM20060549; EU-0100686; FT-0602834; FT-0670646; FT-0670647; Ketoprofen, meets USP testing specifications; Orudis, Profenid, Dexal, Keduril, Ketofen,; R.P. 19583; SW196784-3; BIM-0050664.0001; C01716; D00132; Ketoprofen, VETRANAL(TM), analytical standard; M-7468; AB00052249-17; AB00052249-19; AB00052249-20; AB00052249_21; AB00052249_22; 071K154; A815896; Q409192; Q-201268; SR-01000075949-1; SR-01000075949-6; SR-01000075949-9; (.+/-.)-3-Benzoyl-.alpha.-methylbenzeneacetic acid; Benzeneacetic acid, 3-benzoyl-alpha-methyl-, (+/-); BRD-A97739905-001-05-9; BRD-A97739905-001-15-8; SR-01000075949-18; F2173-0960; Z1695709452; Ketoprofen, British Pharmacopoeia (BP) Reference Standard; Ketoprofen, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard; Ketoprofen, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard; N-FMOC-3-AMINO-4-(4-TERT-BUTOXY-PHENYL)-BUTYRICACID; Ketoprofen, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material; 154907-35-4
Clinical Status
Approved
Disease Indication Anaesthesia ICD-11: 8E22 [1]
PubChem CID
3825
Formula
C16H14O3
Canonical SMILES
CC(C1=CC(=CC=C1)C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2)C(=O)O
InChI
1S/C16H14O3/c1-11(16(18)19)13-8-5-9-14(10-13)15(17)12-6-3-2-4-7-12/h2-11H,1H3,(H,18,19)
InChIKey
DKYWVDODHFEZIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
   Click to Show/Hide the Molecular Data (Structure/Property) of This API
Structure
<iframe style="width: 300px; height: 300px;" frameborder="0" src="https://embed.molview.org/v1/?mode=balls&cid=3825"></iframe>
3D MOL 2D MOL
Physicochemical Properties Molecular Weight 254.28 Topological Polar Surface Area 54.4
XlogP 3.1 Complexity 331
Heavy Atom Count 19 Rotatable Bond Count 4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 1 Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 3
Full List of Drug Formulations (DFMs) Containing This API
          Ketoprofen 200 mg capsule Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Formulation(s):          2 Formulation(s)
             Drug Formulation 1 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Sodium lauryl sulfate; D&c yellow no. 10; Fd&c red no. 40; Maltodextrin; Dibutyl sebacate; Fd&c blue no. 1; Fd&c blue no. 2; Ammonia; Ferric oxide yellow; Ferrosoferric oxide; Propylene glycol; Talc; Titanium dioxide; Triacetin; Triethyl citrate; Silicon dioxide; Silicon dioxide; Ethylcelluloses; Gelatin; Hypromelloses; Methacrylic acid; Shellac
                   Dosage Form 24 HR Extended Release Oral Capsule
                   Company Physicians Total Care
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Allura red AC dye DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 4.7 uM) [2]
FD&C blue no. 1 DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 13 uM) [3]
Sodium lauryl sulfate DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 1.98 uM) [3]
FD&C blue no. 2 DIG Info Adenosine receptor A3 (IC50 = 1 uM) [2]
Quinoline yellow WS DIG Info Estrogen receptor alpha (IC50 = 18 uM) [2]
Allura red AC dye DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 2.59 uM) [3]
Propylene glycol DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Inhibition ratio < 20 %) [4]
Dextrin DIG Info Colon cancer Caco-2 cells (Inhibition ratio > 55 %) [5]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [6]
             Drug Formulation 2 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Sodium lauryl sulfate; D&c yellow no. 10; Fd&c red no. 40; Maltodextrin; Dibutyl sebacate; Fd&c blue no. 1; Fd&c blue no. 2; Ammonia; Ferric oxide yellow; Ferrosoferric oxide; Propylene glycol; Talc; Titanium dioxide; Triacetin; Triethyl citrate; Silicon dioxide; Ethylcelluloses; Gelatin; Hypromelloses; Methacrylic acid; Shellac
                   Dosage Form 24 HR Extended Release Oral Capsule
                   Company Mylan Pharamceuticals
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Allura red AC dye DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 4.7 uM) [2]
FD&C blue no. 1 DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 13 uM) [3]
Sodium lauryl sulfate DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 1.98 uM) [3]
FD&C blue no. 2 DIG Info Adenosine receptor A3 (IC50 = 1 uM) [2]
Quinoline yellow WS DIG Info Estrogen receptor alpha (IC50 = 18 uM) [2]
Allura red AC dye DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 2.59 uM) [3]
Propylene glycol DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Inhibition ratio < 20 %) [4]
Dextrin DIG Info Colon cancer Caco-2 cells (Inhibition ratio > 55 %) [5]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [6]
          Ketoprofen 50 mg capsule Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Formulation(s):          5 Formulation(s)
             Drug Formulation 1 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Lactose monohydrate; Sodium lauryl sulfate; D&c yellow no. 10; Fd&c red no. 40; Fd&c blue no. 1; Fd&c blue no. 2; Fd&c yellow no. 6; Magnesium stearate; Ferrosoferric oxide; Propylene glycol; Titanium dioxide; Silicon dioxide; Gelatin; Shellac; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato; Starch, corn
                   Dosage Form Oral Capsule
                   Company Mylan Pharamceuticals; PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals; Physicians Total Care; Rebel Distributors
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Allura red AC dye DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 4.7 uM) [2]
FD&C blue no. 1 DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 13 uM) [3]
Sunset yellow FCF DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 68.4 uM) [3]
Sodium lauryl sulfate DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 1.98 uM) [3]
FD&C blue no. 2 DIG Info Adenosine receptor A3 (IC50 = 1 uM) [2]
Quinoline yellow WS DIG Info Estrogen receptor alpha (IC50 = 18 uM) [2]
Allura red AC dye DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 2.59 uM) [3]
Propylene glycol DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Inhibition ratio < 20 %) [4]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [6]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [6]
             Drug Formulation 2 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
D&c red no. 28; Lactose; Sodium lauryl sulfate; Fd&c blue no. 1; Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Gelatin
                   Dosage Form Oral Capsule
                   Company Stat Rx USA
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
FD&C blue no. 1 DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 13 uM) [3]
Sodium lauryl sulfate DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 1.98 uM) [3]
D&C red no. 28 DIG Info Organic anion transporter 1 (Ki = 0.064 uM) [2]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [6]
             Drug Formulation 3 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
D&c red no. 28; Lactose; Sodium lauryl sulfate; Fd&c blue no. 1; Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Gelatin; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato
                   Dosage Form Oral Capsule
                   Company AvKARE
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
FD&C blue no. 1 DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 13 uM) [3]
Sodium lauryl sulfate DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 1.98 uM) [3]
D&C red no. 28 DIG Info Organic anion transporter 1 (Ki = 0.064 uM) [2]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [6]
             Drug Formulation 4 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
D&c red no. 28; Lactose monohydrate; Sodium lauryl sulfate; Fd&c blue no. 1; Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Gelatin; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato
                   Dosage Form Oral Capsule
                   Company Aidarex Pharmaceuticals; Avera McKennan Hospital; PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
FD&C blue no. 1 DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 13 uM) [3]
Sodium lauryl sulfate DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 1.98 uM) [3]
D&C red no. 28 DIG Info Organic anion transporter 1 (Ki = 0.064 uM) [2]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [6]
             Drug Formulation 5 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
D&c red no. 28; Lactose monohydrate; Sodium lauryl sulfate; Fd&c blue no. 1; Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Gelatin, unspecified; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato
                   Dosage Form Oral Capsule
                   Company A-S Medication Solutions; Bryant Ranch Prepack; Preferred Pharamaceuticals; Teva Pharmaceuticals
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
FD&C blue no. 1 DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 13 uM) [3]
Sodium lauryl sulfate DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 1.98 uM) [3]
D&C red no. 28 DIG Info Organic anion transporter 1 (Ki = 0.064 uM) [2]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [6]
          Ketoprofen 75 mg capsule Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Formulation(s):          6 Formulation(s)
             Drug Formulation 1 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Lactose monohydrate; Sodium lauryl sulfate; D&c yellow no. 10; Fd&c red no. 40; Fd&c blue no. 1; Fd&c blue no. 2; Magnesium stearate; Ferrosoferric oxide; Propylene glycol; Titanium dioxide; Silicon dioxide; Fd&c green no. 3; Gelatin; Shellac; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato; Starch, corn
                   Dosage Form Oral Capsule
                   Company Mylan Pharamceuticals; Physicians Total Care; Rebel Distributors
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Allura red AC dye DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 4.7 uM) [2]
FD&C blue no. 1 DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 13 uM) [3]
Sodium lauryl sulfate DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 1.98 uM) [3]
FD&C blue no. 2 DIG Info Adenosine receptor A3 (IC50 = 1 uM) [2]
Quinoline yellow WS DIG Info Estrogen receptor alpha (IC50 = 18 uM) [2]
Allura red AC dye DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 2.59 uM) [3]
Propylene glycol DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Inhibition ratio < 20 %) [4]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [6]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [6]
             Drug Formulation 2 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
D&c red no. 28; Lactose; Sodium lauryl sulfate; Fd&c blue no. 1; Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Gelatin
                   Dosage Form Oral Capsule
                   Company H. J. Harkins Company; Rebel Distributors; Stat Rx USA
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
FD&C blue no. 1 DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 13 uM) [3]
Sodium lauryl sulfate DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 1.98 uM) [3]
D&C red no. 28 DIG Info Organic anion transporter 1 (Ki = 0.064 uM) [2]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [6]
             Drug Formulation 3 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
D&c red no. 28; Lactose; Sodium lauryl sulfate; Fd&c blue no. 1; Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Gelatin; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato
                   Dosage Form Oral Capsule
                   Company A-S Medication Solutions; Aidarex Pharmaceuticals; AvKARE; Proficient Rx
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
FD&C blue no. 1 DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 13 uM) [3]
Sodium lauryl sulfate DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 1.98 uM) [3]
D&C red no. 28 DIG Info Organic anion transporter 1 (Ki = 0.064 uM) [2]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [6]
             Drug Formulation 4 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
D&c red no. 28; Lactose monohydrate; Sodium lauryl sulfate; Fd&c blue no. 1; Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Gelatin; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato
                   Dosage Form Oral Capsule
                   Company NuCare Pharmaceuticals
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
FD&C blue no. 1 DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 13 uM) [3]
Sodium lauryl sulfate DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 1.98 uM) [3]
D&C red no. 28 DIG Info Organic anion transporter 1 (Ki = 0.064 uM) [2]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [6]
             Drug Formulation 5 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
D&c red no. 28; Lactose monohydrate; Sodium lauryl sulfate; Fd&c blue no. 1; Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Gelatin, unspecified; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato
                   Dosage Form Oral Capsule
                   Company A-S Medication Solutions; Bryant Ranch Prepack; PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals; Teva Pharmaceuticals
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
FD&C blue no. 1 DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 13 uM) [3]
Sodium lauryl sulfate DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 1.98 uM) [3]
D&C red no. 28 DIG Info Organic anion transporter 1 (Ki = 0.064 uM) [2]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [6]
             Drug Formulation 6 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
D&c red no. 28; Lactose, unspecified form; Sodium lauryl sulfate; Fd&c blue no. 1; Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Gelatin, unspecified; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato
                   Dosage Form Oral Capsule
                   Company Preferred Pharamaceuticals
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
FD&C blue no. 1 DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 13 uM) [3]
Sodium lauryl sulfate DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 1.98 uM) [3]
D&C red no. 28 DIG Info Organic anion transporter 1 (Ki = 0.064 uM) [2]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [6]
References
1 FDA label for approved ketoprofen from the official website of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
2 The activities of drug inactive ingredients on biological targets. Science. 2020 Jul 24;369(6502):403-413.
3 Bacterial metabolism rescues the inhibition of intestinal drug absorption by food and drug additives. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Jul 7;117(27):16009-16018.
4 Pharmaceutical excipients inhibit cytochrome P450 activity in cell free systems and after systemic administration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2008 Sep;70(1):279-88.
5 Interactions between human multidrug resistance related protein (MRP2; ABCC2) and excipients commonly used in self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS). Int J Pharm. 2013 Apr 15;447(1-2):192-8.
6 Effects of commonly used excipients on the expression of CYP3A4 in colon and liver cells. Pharm Res. 2010 Aug;27(8):1703-12.

If you find any error in data or bug in web service, please kindly report it to Dr. Zhang and Dr. Mou.