Details of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)

General Information of API (ID: D00739)
Name
Zidovudine
Synonyms    Click to Show/Hide the Synonyms of This API
zidovudine; Azidothymidine; 30516-87-1; 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine; Retrovir; Thymidine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxy-; Zidovudinum; ZIDOVUDINE [AZT]; Compound S; Zidovudina; BW A509U; zidovudin; Trizivir; BWA509U; UNII-4B9XT59T7S; BW-A509U; BW-A-509U; MFCD00006536; CHEMBL129; MLS000028548; 4B9XT59T7S; CHEBI:10110; 3'-Deoxy-3'-azidothymidine; NSC 602670; 1-[(2R,4S,5S)-4-azido-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-5-methylpyrimidine-2,4-dione; Azidothymidine (AZT); NCGC00023945-05; Zidovudinum [Latin]; SMR000058351; Zidovudina [Spanish]; DSSTox_CID_127; DSSTox_RID_75386; DSSTox_GSID_20127; Propolis+AZT; 3'-Azido-2',3'-Dideoxythymidine; DRG-0004; Retrovir(TM); AZT & Li & EPO; Retrovir (TN); CCRIS 105; Intron A & AZT; HSDB 6515; Racemic Liposomal AZT; Liposomal AZT-SN-1; Liposomal AZT-SN-3; Zidovudine+PRO 140; PC-SOD+AZT; AZT & srCD4; AZT & rIFN.alpha.2; AZT & rsT4; rIFN-beta seron & AZT; 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AIDS); AZT & EPO; AZT & GM-CSF; AZT & HPA; AZT & sCD4; AZT & SST; zudovidine; AZT & Li & GM-CSF; AZT+PRO 140; Met-SDF-1.beta. & AZT; AZT & Li & IL-1; AZT & Li & IL-6; AZT & IL-1; AZT & IL-2; AZT & IL-6; AZT & Interferon-.alpha.-2; AZT & Concanavalin A (ConA); AZT & Lymphoblastoid Interferon; AZT & PM-19; Met-SDF-1.beta. & Zidovudine; NSC-602670; AZT & rsCD4 & rIFN.alpha.A; 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, AZT; DS-4152 & AZT; AZT & Colony-stimulating factor 2; AZT & NP (from PHCA or HSA); 1-(3-Azido-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)thymine; 3''-azido-thymidine; K7 [P Ti2 W10 O40]; Zidovudine [USAN:USP:INN:BAN:JAN]; Zidovudine & IFNL1; Zidovudine & IFNL2; Zidovudine & IFNL3; Zidovudine (Retrovir); COMPOUND-S; 3?Azido-3?deoxythymidine; Spectrum_001348; AZT & CD4(178)-PE 40; AZT & IFN.alpha.; Zidovudine & IL-29; Zidovudine & IL-28A; Zidovudine & IL-28B; AZT & Interleukin 29; Opera_ID_1602; Prestwick3_000333; Spectrum2_000927; Spectrum3_001507; Spectrum4_000332; Spectrum5_001101; 3'azido-3'deoxythymidine; 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine & Erythropoietin; 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine & Sho-Saiko-To; Azidothymidine; Zidovudine; Interferon AD + 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine; AZT & Interleukin 28A; AZT & Interleukin 28B; 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine & Concanavalin A; 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine & Interleukin-1; 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine & Interleukin-2; 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine & Interleukin-6; 3'-azido3'-deoxythymidine; AZT & IFNL1; AZT & IFNL2; AZT & IFNL3; AZT & Interferon lambda-1; AZT & Interferon lambda-2; AZT & Interferon lambda-3; 3''-Deoxy-3-azidothymidine; BSPBio_000365; BSPBio_003153; KBioGR_000703; KBioSS_001828; MLS001055351; MLS001076358; MLS002153202; MLS002222249; Zidovudine & Interleukin 29; DivK1c_000524; SPECTRUM1502109; 3'-deoxy-3'-azido-thymidine; SPBio_000834; Zidovudine & Interleukin 28A; Zidovudine & Interleukin 28B; AZT & IL-28A; AZT & IL-28B; BPBio1_000403; GTPL4825; Zidovudine (JP17/USP/INN); 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine & Lithium & Erythropoietin; 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine & Lithium & Interleukin-1; 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine & Lithium & Interleukin-6; 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine & Lymphoblastoid Interferon; DTXSID8020127; SCHEMBL14615088; SN-1-dipalmitoylglycerophospho-AZT (in a lipid vesicle); SN-3-dipalmitoylglycerophospho-AZT (in a lipid vesicle); AZT & IL-29; HMS501K06; KBio1_000524; KBio2_001828; KBio2_004396; KBio2_006964; KBio3_002653; 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine & Heteropolyoxotungstate PM-19; racemic-dipalmitoylglycerophospho-AZT (in a lipid vesicle); 3''-Azido-3''-deoxy-thymidine; NINDS_000524; Zidovudine & Interferon lambda-1; Zidovudine & Interferon lambda-2; Zidovudine & Interferon lambda-3; HMS1921J20; HMS2090G11; HMS2092D06; HMS2096C07; HMS2234K17; HMS3259H17; HMS3713C07; Pharmakon1600-01502109; ZINC3779042; 3''azido-2''3''-dideoxythymidine; Tox21_110062; Tox21_110894; Tox21_202203; Tox21_300578; ANW-26899; BBL033764; BDBM50002692; CCG-39924; CZ0012; NSC758185; STK801891; AKOS005622576; AKOS015842610; Tox21_110062_1; 3''-azido-2'',3''-dideoxythymidine; DB00495; MCULE-8664408343; NC00666; NSC-758185; IDI1_000524; NCGC00014918-01; NCGC00023945-03; NCGC00023945-04; NCGC00023945-06; NCGC00023945-07; NCGC00023945-08; NCGC00023945-09; NCGC00023945-10; NCGC00023945-12; NCGC00023945-13; NCGC00023945-25; NCGC00178237-01; NCGC00178237-02; NCGC00254276-01; NCGC00259752-01; AS-13019; SBI-0051731.P002; AB0012841; Propolis & Thymidine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxy-; SW198799-2; EN300-52518; 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine, >=98% (HPLC); C07210; D00413; J10271; W-5037; 3'-Azido-3'deoxythymidine & Interferon .alpha.; 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine, >=99.0% (HPLC); Q198504; SR-01000000098; SR-05000001587; J-700147; SR-01000000098-3; SR-05000001587-1; BRD-K72903603-001-04-6; BRD-K72903603-001-14-5; Z1723414428; Zidovudine, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard; 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine & Recombinant Interferon-.alpha.-2; Zidovudine, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard; 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine & CD4-Pseudomonas exotoxin A hybrid; Beta interferon(rIFN-beta seron) & 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine(AZT); Lecithinized superoxide dismutase & Thymidine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxy-; 3'-Azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine & sCD4(soluble recombinant protein); Sulfated polysaccharide-peptidoglycan DS-4152 & 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine; Thymidine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxy- & PRO 140 (Anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibody); Zidovudine, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material; 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine & Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; 4-(4-Azido-5-hydroxy-tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-5-methyl-3H-pyrazine-2,6-dione; Met-Stromal Cell-derived Factor-1.beta. (Human) & 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine; 146426-54-2
Clinical Status
Approved
Disease Indication Human immunodeficiency virus infection ICD-11: 1C60 [1]
PubChem CID
35370
Formula
C10H13N5O4
Canonical SMILES
CC1=CN(C(=O)NC1=O)[C@H]2C[C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)N=[N+]=[N-]
InChI
1S/C10H13N5O4/c1-5-3-15(10(18)12-9(5)17)8-2-6(13-14-11)7(4-16)19-8/h3,6-8,16H,2,4H2,1H3,(H,12,17,18)/t6-,7+,8+/m0/s1
InChIKey
HBOMLICNUCNMMY-XLPZGREQSA-N
   Click to Show/Hide the Molecular Data (Structure/Property) of This API
Structure
<iframe style="width: 300px; height: 300px;" frameborder="0" src="https://embed.molview.org/v1/?mode=balls&cid=35370"></iframe>
3D MOL 2D MOL
Physicochemical Properties Molecular Weight 267.24 Topological Polar Surface Area 93.2
XlogP 0 Complexity 484
Heavy Atom Count 19 Rotatable Bond Count 3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 2 Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 6
Full List of Drug Formulations (DFMs) Containing This API
          Zidovudine 100 mg capsule Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Formulation(s):          5 Formulation(s)
             Drug Formulation 1 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Sodium lauryl sulfate; Fd&c blue no. 1; Magnesium stearate; Ferrosoferric oxide; Potassium hydroxide; Propylene glycol; Talc; Titanium dioxide; Silicon dioxide; Cellulose, microcrystalline; Gelatin; Shellac; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato; Starch, corn
                   Dosage Form Oral Capsule
                   Company Cipla; Edenbridge Pharmaceuticals
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
FD&C blue no. 1 DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 13 uM) [2]
Sodium lauryl sulfate DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 1.98 uM) [2]
Propylene glycol DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Inhibition ratio < 20 %) [3]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 2 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Sodium lauryl sulfate; Fd&c blue no. 1; Magnesium stearate; Ferrosoferric oxide; Potassium hydroxide; Propylene glycol; Talc; Titanium dioxide; Silicon dioxide; Cellulose, microcrystalline; Gelatin; Shellac; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato; Starch, corn
                   Dosage Form Oral Capsule
                   Company Boca Pharmacal
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
FD&C blue no. 1 DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 13 uM) [2]
Sodium lauryl sulfate DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 1.98 uM) [2]
Propylene glycol DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Inhibition ratio < 20 %) [3]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 3 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Sodium lauryl sulfate; Magnesium stearate; Ferrosoferric oxide; Titanium dioxide; Cellulose, microcrystalline; Gelatin; Shellac; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato; Starch, corn
                   Dosage Form Oral Capsule
                   Company American Health Packaging; Lucid Pharma
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Sodium lauryl sulfate DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 1.98 uM) [2]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 4 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Sodium lauryl sulfate; Magnesium stearate; Ferrosoferric oxide; Titanium dioxide; Gelatin; Microcrystalline cellulose; Shellac; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato; Starch, corn
                   Dosage Form Oral Capsule
                   Company Aurobindo Pharma
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Sodium lauryl sulfate DIG Info Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (Ki = 1.98 uM) [2]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 5 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Magnesium stearate; Ferrosoferric oxide; Titanium dioxide; Lecithin, soybean; Dimethicone; Gelatin, unspecified; Microcrystalline cellulose; Shellac; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato; Starch, corn
                   Dosage Form Oral Capsule
                   Company ViiV Healthcare Company
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Soybean lecithin DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (IC50 = 6.61 mg.mL-1) [3]
          Zidovudine 300 mg tablet Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Formulation(s):        13 Formulation(s)
             Drug Formulation 1 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Magnesium stearate; Talc; Titanium dioxide; Lecithin, soybean; Polyethylene glycol 3350; Polyvinyl alcohol; Cellulose, microcrystalline; Hypromelloses; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Prodigy Health Supplier; Sunshine Lake Pharma
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Polyvinyl alcohol DIG Info Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (EC50 = 354.8 uM) [5]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Soybean lecithin DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (IC50 = 6.61 mg.mL-1) [3]
Polyethylene glycol 3350 DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression upregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 2 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Magnesium stearate; Talc; Titanium dioxide; Lecithin, soybean; Polyethylene glycol 3350; Polyvinyl alcohol; Cellulose, microcrystalline; Hypromelloses; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company RemedyRepack
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Polyvinyl alcohol DIG Info Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (EC50 = 354.8 uM) [5]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Soybean lecithin DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (IC50 = 6.61 mg.mL-1) [3]
Polyethylene glycol 3350 DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression upregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 3 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Magnesium stearate; Talc; Titanium dioxide; Lecithin, soybean; Polyethylene glycol 3350; Polyvinyl alcohol; Cellulose, microcrystalline; Hypromelloses; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Lannett Company
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Polyvinyl alcohol DIG Info Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (EC50 = 354.8 uM) [5]
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Soybean lecithin DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (IC50 = 6.61 mg.mL-1) [3]
Polyethylene glycol 3350 DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression upregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 4 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Anhydrous lactose; Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Triacetin; Silicon dioxide; Cellulose, microcrystalline; Hypromelloses; Polydextrose; Polyethylene glycols; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Roxane Laboratories
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 5 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Polyethylene glycol 400; Cellulose, microcrystalline; Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose e5 [ii]; Hypromellose 2910 (6 mpa.s); Sodium starch glycolate type a potato
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company RemedyRepack
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Polyethylene glycol 400 DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (IC50 = 10.77 mg.mL-1) [3]
             Drug Formulation 6 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Polyethylene glycol 400; Cellulose, microcrystalline; Hypromellose 2910 (5 mpa.s); Hypromellose 2910 (6 mpa.s); Sodium starch glycolate type a potato
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company American Health Packaging; Aurobindo Pharma; Citron Pharma; Lucid Pharma
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Polyethylene glycol 400 DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (IC50 = 10.77 mg.mL-1) [3]
             Drug Formulation 7 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Polyethylene glycol 400; Hypromellose 2910 (5 mpa.s); Hypromellose 2910 (6 mpa.s); Microcrystalline cellulose; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Bryant Ranch Prepack
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Polyethylene glycol 400 DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (IC50 = 10.77 mg.mL-1) [3]
             Drug Formulation 8 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Magnesium stearate; Talc; Silicon dioxide; Cellulose, microcrystalline; Hypromelloses; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato; Starch, corn
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Cipla
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
Silicon dioxide DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 9 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Cellulose, microcrystalline; Hypromelloses; Polyethylene glycols; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company RemedyRepack
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 10 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Cellulose, microcrystalline; Hypromelloses; Polyethylene glycol; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Avera McKennan Hospital; Camber Pharmaceuticals; RemedyRepack
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 11 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Hypromellose, unspecified; Microcrystalline cellulose; Polyethylene glycol, unspecified; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Mylan Pharamceuticals
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 12 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Cellulose, microcrystalline; Hypromelloses; Polyethylene glycol; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company Department Of Health Central Pharmacy; Rebel Distributors
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
             Drug Formulation 13 DFM Info click to show the detail info of this DFM
                   All DIGs    Click to Show/Hide the Full List of DIGs in This DFM
Magnesium stearate; Titanium dioxide; Cellulose, microcrystalline; Hypromelloses; Polyethylene glycols; Sodium starch glycolate type a potato
                   Dosage Form Oral Tablet
                   Company State of Florida DOH Central Pharmacy
                   DIG(s) with
                   Biological Activity
DIG Name DIG Info Representative Biological Activity of This DIG REF
Magnesium stearate DIG Info Albendazole monooxygenase (Protein expression downregulation) [4]
References
1 FDA label for approved zidovudine from the official website of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
2 Bacterial metabolism rescues the inhibition of intestinal drug absorption by food and drug additives. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Jul 7;117(27):16009-16018.
3 Pharmaceutical excipients inhibit cytochrome P450 activity in cell free systems and after systemic administration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2008 Sep;70(1):279-88.
4 Effects of commonly used excipients on the expression of CYP3A4 in colon and liver cells. Pharm Res. 2010 Aug;27(8):1703-12.
5 Mediation of in vitro cytochrome p450 activity by common pharmaceutical excipients. Mol Pharm. 2013 Jul 1;10(7):2739-48.

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