Details of the Drug Formulation (DFM)

General Information of DFM (ID: F16095)
Name
Oxazepam 10 mg capsule
Company
RemedyRepack
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Oxazepam API Info click to show the detail info of this API
Anxiety disorder ICD-11: 6B00 Approved
Drug Inactive Ingredient (DIGs)
DIG ID DIG Info DIG Name DIG Functional Class
E0NY1O DIG Info Benzyl alcohol Antimicrobial preservative ...
E05GFF DIG Info Butylparaben Antimicrobial preservative
E0KF3M DIG Info Edetate calcium disodium Complexing agent
E02FBG DIG Info Ferrosoferric oxide Colorant
E00DHW DIG Info Lactose monohydrate Binding agent ...
E0DI4R DIG Info Lithol rubin BCA Colorant
E01UTP DIG Info Magnesium stearate lubricant
E0V6QI DIG Info methylparaben Antimicrobial preservative
E0KP0P DIG Info Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Antimicrobial preservative
E0M1JK DIG Info Propylene glycol Antimicrobial preservative ...
E0F9TP DIG Info Sodium lauryl sulfate Emulsifying agent ...
E00YNX DIG Info Sodium propionate Antimicrobial preservative
E05BSD DIG Info Titanium dioxide Coating agent ...
Full List of Biological Targets of DIG (DBTs) Regulated by DIG(s) in This DFM
      G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)
            DBT Name: Adenosine receptor A3 (AA3R) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Sodium lauryl sulfate
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 15 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID AA3R_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Muscarinic receptor M1 (ACM1) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 23 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID ACM1_HUMAN
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Butylparaben
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 12 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID ACM1_HUMAN
               Experiment (3) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Sodium lauryl sulfate
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 29 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID ACM1_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Serotonin receptor 1A (5HT1A) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Sodium lauryl sulfate
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 15 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID 5HT1A_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Alpha-1A adrenoceptor (ADA1A) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Butylparaben
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 16.4 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID ADA1A_HUMAN
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Sodium lauryl sulfate
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 15 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID ADA1A_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Sodium lauryl sulfate
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 18 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID DRD3_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Thromboxane A2 receptor (TBXA2R) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Butylparaben
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 19 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID TA2R_HUMAN
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Sodium lauryl sulfate
                    Biological Activity IC50 > 10 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID TA2R_HUMAN
      Oxidoreductase (ORase)
            DBT Name: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Benzyl alcohol
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 1400 nM (estimated based on the structural similarity with CHEMBL3763371 ) [2]
                    Structural Similarity Tanimoto coefficient = 0.848101266
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID I23O1_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 (COX-1) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
                    Biological Activity IC50 > 3 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID PGH1_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (COX-2) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
                    Biological Activity IC50 > 3 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID PGH2_HUMAN
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Butylparaben
                    Biological Activity IC50 > 3 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID PGH2_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Albendazole monooxygenase (CYP3A4) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Propylene glycol
                    Biological Activity Inhibition ratio < 20 % (tested by experiment) [3]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CP3A4_HUMAN
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Magnesium stearate
                    Biological Activity Protein expression downregulation (tested by experiment) [4]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CP3A4_HUMAN
      Transferase (TFase)
            DBT Name: VEGF-2 receptor (KDR) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 24 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID VGFR2_HUMAN
      Hydrolase (HDase)
            DBT Name: Soluble epoxide hydrolase (EPHX2) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Sodium lauryl sulfate
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 5500 nM (tested by experiment) [5]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID HYES_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Leukotriene A-4 hydrolase (LTA4H) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
                    Biological Activity Ki = 260 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID LKHA4_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Sodium lauryl sulfate
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 23 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID PDE4D_HUMAN
      Lyase/isomerase/ligase (L/I/G)
            DBT Name: Carbonic anhydrase I (CA1) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG methylparaben
                    Biological Activity Ki = 2600 nM (tested by experiment) [6]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CAH1_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Carbonic anhydrase II (CA2) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG methylparaben
                    Biological Activity Ki = 3400 nM (tested by experiment) [6]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CAH2_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG methylparaben
                    Biological Activity Ki = 5500 nM (tested by experiment) [6]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CAH9_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Carbonic anhydrase VII (CA7) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG methylparaben
                    Biological Activity Ki = 780 nM (tested by experiment) [6]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CAH7_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Carbonic anhydrase XII (CA12) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG methylparaben
                    Biological Activity Ki = 820 nM (tested by experiment) [6]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CAH12_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Carbonic anhydrase XIV (CA14) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG methylparaben
                    Biological Activity Ki = 4100 nM (tested by experiment) [6]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CAH14_HUMAN
      Potential-driven transporter (PDT)
            DBT Name: Dopamine transporter (DAT) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Butylparaben
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 19 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SC6A3_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Norepinephrine transporter (NET) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 30 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SC6A2_HUMAN
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Butylparaben
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 20 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SC6A2_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Solute carrier SLCO1B1 (OATP-C) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Sodium lauryl sulfate
                    Biological Activity Ki = 2.9 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SO1B1_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (OATPB) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
                    Biological Activity Inhibition ratio = 25.1 % (tested by experiment) [7]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SO2B1_HUMAN
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
                    Biological Activity Ki = 200 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SO2B1_HUMAN
               Experiment (3) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Butylparaben
                    Biological Activity Inhibition ratio = 73.5 % (tested by experiment) [7]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SO2B1_HUMAN
               Experiment (4) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Butylparaben
                    Biological Activity Ki = 44.3 uM (tested by experiment) [7]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SO2B1_HUMAN
               Experiment (5) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Sodium lauryl sulfate
                    Biological Activity Inhibition ratio = 88.6 % (tested by experiment) [7]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SO2B1_HUMAN
               Experiment (6) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Sodium lauryl sulfate
                    Biological Activity Ki = 1.98 uM (tested by experiment) [7]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SO2B1_HUMAN
               Experiment (7) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Sodium lauryl sulfate
                    Biological Activity Ki = 2.8 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SO2B1_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Monoamine transporter VAT2 (VMAT2) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Butylparaben
                    Biological Activity Ki = 6.6 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID VMAT2_HUMAN
      Transmembrane channel/porin (TC/P)
            DBT Name: Sodium channel alpha Nav1.5 (SCN5A) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Butylparaben
                    Biological Activity Ki = 33 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SCN5A_HUMAN
      Nuclear receptor (NR)
            DBT Name: Androgen receptor (AR) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 309029.54 nM (tested by experiment) [8]
                    Tested Species Rattus norvegicus (Rat)
                    UniProt ID ANDR_RAT
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG methylparaben
                    Biological Activity IC50 > 426579.52 nM (tested by experiment) [8]
                    Tested Species Rattus norvegicus (Rat)
                    UniProt ID ANDR_RAT
            DBT Name: Estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Butylparaben
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 1420 nM (tested by experiment) [9]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID ESR1_HUMAN
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 11 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID ESR1_HUMAN
               Experiment (3) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Butylparaben
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 3.5 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID ESR1_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Oxysterols receptor LXR-beta (NR1H2) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Butylparaben
                    Biological Activity Ki = 66000 nM (tested by experiment) [10]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID NR1H2_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Progesterone receptor (PGR) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Sodium lauryl sulfate
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 15 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID PRGR_HUMAN
      Cell line (CELL)
            DBT Name: Lung cancer A-549 cells (A-549) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG methylparaben
                    Biological Activity IC50 > 20 ug.mL-1 (tested by experiment) [11]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    Cellosaurus ID CVCL_0023
            DBT Name: Colon cancer HCT-116 cells (HCT-116) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Sodium lauryl sulfate
                    Biological Activity IC50 > 100000 nM (tested by experiment) [12]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    Cellosaurus ID CVCL_0291
            DBT Name: Hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells (HepG2) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG methylparaben
                    Biological Activity IC50 > 20 ug.mL-1 (tested by experiment) [11]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    Cellosaurus ID CVCL_0027
            DBT Name: Cervical cancer KB cells (KB) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG methylparaben
                    Biological Activity IC50 > 200000 nM (tested by experiment) [13]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    Cellosaurus ID CVCL_0372
            DBT Name: Carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells (MDA-MB-231) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG methylparaben
                    Biological Activity IC50 > 20 ug.mL-1 (tested by experiment) [11]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    Cellosaurus ID CVCL_0062
            DBT Name: Leukemia RAW264.7 cells (RAW264.7) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Sodium lauryl sulfate
                    Biological Activity IC50 > 100000 nM (tested by experiment) [12]
                    Tested Species Mus musculus (Mouse)
                    Cellosaurus ID CVCL_0493
References
1 The activities of drug inactive ingredients on biological targets. Science. 2020 Jul 24;369(6502):403-413.
2 O-alkylhydroxylamines as rationally-designed mechanism-based inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1. Eur J Med Chem. 2016 Jan 27; 108:564-576.
3 Pharmaceutical excipients inhibit cytochrome P450 activity in cell free systems and after systemic administration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2008 Sep;70(1):279-88.
4 Effects of commonly used excipients on the expression of CYP3A4 in colon and liver cells. Pharm Res. 2010 Aug;27(8):1703-12.
5 Discovery of the First in Vivo Active Inhibitors of the Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Phosphatase Domain. J Med Chem. 2019 Sep 26; 62(18):8443-8460.
6 Mono-/dihydroxybenzoic acid esters and phenol pyridinium derivatives as inhibitors of the mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, IX, XII and XIV. Bioorg Med Chem. 2013 Mar 15; 21(6):1564-9.
7 Bacterial metabolism rescues the inhibition of intestinal drug absorption by food and drug additives. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Jul 7;117(27):16009-16018.
8 Impact of induced fit on ligand binding to the androgen receptor: a multidimensional QSAR study to predict endocrine-disrupting effects of environmental chemicals. J Med Chem. 2005 Sep 8; 48(18):5666-74.
9 Disconnecting the Estrogen Receptor Binding Properties and Antimicrobial Properties of Parabens through 3,5-Substitution. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2017 Dec 15; 9(1):51-55.
10 Identify liver X receptor modulator building blocks by developing a fluorescence polarization-based competition assay. Eur J Med Chem. 2019 Sep 15; 178:458-467.
11 Bioactive Phenolic Components from the Twigs of Atalantia buxifolia. J Nat Prod. 2018 Jul 27; 81(7):1534-1539.
12 Synthesis of amphiphilic, chalcogen-based redox modulators with in vitro cytotoxic activity against cancer cells, macrophages and microbes. Med Chem Comm. (2014) 5:25-31.
13 Synthesis and biological evaluation of 12 allenic aromatic ethers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2007 May 15; 17(10):2785-8.

If you find any error in data or bug in web service, please kindly report it to Dr. Zhang and Dr. Mou.