Details of the Drug Formulation (DFM)

General Information of DFM (ID: F19273)
Name
Ritonavir 100 mg capsule
Company
AbbVie
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Ritonavir API Info click to show the detail info of this API
Human immunodeficiency virus infection ICD-11: 1C60 Approved
Drug Inactive Ingredient (DIGs)
DIG ID DIG Info DIG Name DIG Functional Class
E0J0LX DIG Info Butylated hydroxytoluene Antioxidant
E09YYN DIG Info Eisenoxyd Colorant
E0R0WE DIG Info Oleic acid Emulsifying agent ...
E0CX3L DIG Info Polyoxyl 35 castor oil Emulsifying agent ...
E05BSD DIG Info Titanium dioxide Coating agent ...
Full List of Biological Targets of DIG (DBTs) Regulated by DIG(s) in This DFM
      G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)
            DBT Name: Adenosine receptor A3 (AA3R) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 12 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID AA3R_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Muscarinic receptor M1 (ACM1) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 13 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID ACM1_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Thromboxane A2 receptor (TBXA2R) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 25 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID TA2R_HUMAN
      Oxidoreductase (ORase)
            DBT Name: Aromatase (ARO1) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 32700 nM (tested by experiment) [2]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CP19A_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 (COX-1) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity IC50 > 500000 nM (tested by experiment) [3]
                    Tested Species Bos taurus (Bovine)
                    UniProt ID PGH1_BOVIN
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 6.7 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID PGH1_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (COX-2) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity IC50 > 500000 nM (tested by experiment) [3]
                    Tested Species Ovis aries (Sheep)
                    UniProt ID PGH2_SHEEP
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 3.5 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID PGH2_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 250 uM (tested by experiment) [4]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CP3A4_HUMAN ; CP3A5_HUMAN ; CP3A7_HUMAN ; CP343_HUMAN
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity Inhibition (tested by experiment) [5]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CP3A4_HUMAN ; CP3A5_HUMAN ; CP3A7_HUMAN ; CP343_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Albendazole monooxygenase (CYP3A4) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity Inhibition ratio < 20 % (tested by experiment) [6]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CP3A4_HUMAN
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity EC50 = 306.5 uM (tested by experiment) [7]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CP3A4_HUMAN
               Experiment (3) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 600 uM (tested by experiment) [8]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CP3A4_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity EC50 = 113.3 uM (tested by experiment) [7]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CP2E1_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity EC50 = 41.1 uM (tested by experiment) [7]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CP2C9_HUMAN
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 30 uM (tested by experiment) [8]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CP2C9_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase (CYP2C19) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity EC50 = 36.1 uM (tested by experiment) [7]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CP2CJ_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity EC50 = 10.1 uM (tested by experiment) [7]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CP3A5_HUMAN
      Transferase (TFase)
            DBT Name: Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 8600 nM (tested by experiment) [9]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID TERT_HUMAN
      Hydrolase (HDase)
            DBT Name: Proconvertin-TF complex (F7-F3) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 80000 nM (tested by experiment) [10]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID FA7_HUMAN ; TF_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Trypsin (PRSS) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity IC50 > 200000 nM (tested by experiment) [10]
                    Tested Species Sus scrofa (Pig)
                    UniProt ID TRYP_PIG
      Lyase/isomerase/ligase (L/I/G)
            DBT Name: Carbonic anhydrase I (CA1) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Butylated hydroxytoluene
                    Biological Activity Ki = 245200 nM (tested by experiment) [11]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CAH1_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Carbonic anhydrase II (CA2) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Butylated hydroxytoluene
                    Biological Activity Ki = 630 nM (tested by experiment) [11]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CAH2_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CYP1A2) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity EC50 = 1.1 uM (tested by experiment) [7]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID CP1A2_HUMAN
      Primary active transporter (PAT)
            DBT Name: Multidrug resistance protein 2 (ABCC2) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity Inhibition ratio = 51 % (tested by experiment) [12]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID MRP2_HUMAN
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity Inhibition ratio > 73 % (tested by experiment) [13]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID MRP2_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Multidrug resistance protein 1 (ABCB1) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 5 mg.mL-1 (tested by experiment) [14]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID MDR1_HUMAN ; MDR3_HUMAN ; ABCB5_HUMAN
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity Inhibition ratio = 61 % (tested by experiment) [15]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID MDR1_HUMAN ; MDR3_HUMAN ; ABCB5_HUMAN
               Experiment (3) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity Inhibition ratio > 100 % (tested by experiment) [16]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID MDR1_HUMAN ; MDR3_HUMAN ; ABCB5_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Urate exporter (BCRP) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity Inhibition ratio > 60 % (tested by experiment) [17]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID ABCG2_HUMAN
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity Inhibition ratio > 40 % (tested by experiment) [16]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID ABCG2_HUMAN
      Potential-driven transporter (PDT)
            DBT Name: Norepinephrine transporter (NET) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 27 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SC6A2_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Solute carrier SLCO1B1 (OATP-C) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 0.19 %(w/v) (tested by experiment) [18]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SO1B1_HUMAN
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 0.3 %(w/v) (tested by experiment) [18]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SO1B1_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Solute carrier SLCO2B1 (OATPB) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 0.0011 %(w/v) (tested by experiment) [18]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SO2B1_HUMAN
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 0.0098 %(w/v) (tested by experiment) [18]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SO2B1_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Monoamine transporter VAT2 (VMAT2) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity Ki = 4.7 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID VMAT2_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Solute carrier SLCO1A2 (OATP-A) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 0.00054 %(w/v) (tested by experiment) [18]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SO1A2_HUMAN
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 0.00034 %(w/v) (tested by experiment) [18]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SO1A2_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Organic anion transporter 8 (OAT8) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 0.001 %(w/v) (tested by experiment) [18]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SO1B3_HUMAN
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 0.0047 %(w/v) (tested by experiment) [18]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID SO1B3_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Sodium/bile acid cotransporter (SLC10A1) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment (1) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 2.8 %(w/v) (tested by experiment) [18]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID NTCP_HUMAN
               Experiment (2) for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 0.012 %(w/v) (tested by experiment) [18]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID NTCP_HUMAN
      Transmembrane channel/porin (TC/P)
            DBT Name: Vanilloid receptor 2 (TrpV2) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity IC50 > 10000 nM (tested by experiment) [19]
                    Tested Species Rattus norvegicus (Rat)
                    UniProt ID TRPV2_RAT
      Nuclear receptor (NR)
            DBT Name: PPAR-alpha (PPARA) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 600 nM (tested by experiment) [20]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID PPARA_HUMAN
            DBT Name: PPAR-delta (PPARD) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 5300 nM (tested by experiment) [20]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID PPARD_HUMAN
            DBT Name: PPAR-gamma (PPARG) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 4100 nM (tested by experiment) [20]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID PPARG_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Progesterone receptor (PGR) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity IC50 = 12 uM (tested by experiment) [1]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID PRGR_HUMAN
      Other protein families (OPF)
            DBT Name: Adipocyte lipid-binding protein (ALBP) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity Ki = 1500 nM (tested by experiment) [21]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
                    UniProt ID FABP4_HUMAN
            DBT Name: Liver lipid-binding protein (L-FABP) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Oleic acid
                    Biological Activity Ki = 180 nM (tested by experiment) [22]
                    Tested Species Rattus norvegicus (Rat)
                    UniProt ID FABPL_RAT
      Cell line (CELL)
            DBT Name: Colon cancer Caco-2 cells (Caco-2) Click to Show/Hide
               Detailed Information DBT Info click to show the detail info of this DBT
               Experiment for Assessing the Biological Activity of the Studied DIG on This DBT
                    Interacting DIG Polyoxyl 35 castor oil
                    Biological Activity Chylomicron secretion downregulation (tested by experiment) [23]
                    Tested Species Homo sapiens (Human)
References
1 The activities of drug inactive ingredients on biological targets. Science. 2020 Jul 24;369(6502):403-413.
2 Interference by naturally occurring fatty acids in a noncellular enzyme-based aromatase bioassay. J Nat Prod. 2006 Apr; 69(4):700-3.
3 Cox-2 inhibitory effects of naturally occurring and modified fatty acids. J Nat Prod. 2001 Jun; 64(6):745-9.
4 Nonionic surfactants are strong inhibitors of cytochrome P450 3A biotransformation activity in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2009 Mar 2;36(4-5):401-11.
5 In vitro investigation on the impact of the surface-active excipients Cremophor EL, Tween 80 and Solutol HS 15 on the metabolism of midazolam. iopharm Drug Dispos. 2004 Jan;25(1):37-49.
6 Pharmaceutical excipients inhibit cytochrome P450 activity in cell free systems and after systemic administration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2008 Sep;70(1):279-88.
7 Mediation of in vitro cytochrome p450 activity by common pharmaceutical excipients. Mol Pharm. 2013 Jul 1;10(7):2739-48.
8 Effects of non-ionic surfactants on cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism in vitro. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2011 May;78(1):166-72.
9 Natural products targeting telomere maintenance. Med Chem Comm. (2011) 2:229-245.
10 Inhibitory activity of unsaturated fatty acids and anacardic acids toward soluble tissue factor-factor VIIa complex. J Nat Prod. 1998 Nov; 61(11):1352-5.
11 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of human erythrocyte isozymes I and II with a series of antioxidant phenols. Bioorg Med Chem. 2009 Apr 15; 17(8):3207-11.
12 Inhibition of human efflux transporter ABCC2 (MRP2) by self-emulsifying drug delivery system: influences of concentration and combination of excipients. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014;17(4):447-60.
13 Interactions between human multidrug resistance related protein (MRP2; ABCC2) and excipients commonly used in self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS). Int J Pharm. 2013 Apr 15;447(1-2):192-8.
14 Reversal of multidrug resistance by surfactants. Br J Cancer. 1992 Jul;66(1):62-8.
15 A comparison of commonly used polyethoxylated pharmaceutical excipients on their ability to inhibit P-glycoprotein activity in vitro. J Pharm Sci. 2002 Sep;91(9):1991-2002.
16 Effect of excipients on breast cancer resistance protein substrate uptake activity. J Control Release. 2007 Dec 4;124(1-2):1-5.
17 Oleic acid decreases BCRP mediated efflux of mitoxantrone in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012 Oct;50(10):3635-45.
18 Pharmaceutical excipients influence the function of human uptake transporting proteins. Mol Pharm. 2012 Sep 4;9(9):2577-81.
19 Elongation of the Hydrophobic Chain as a Molecular Switch: Discovery of Capsaicin Derivatives and Endogenous Lipids as Potent Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Channel 2 Antagonists. J Med Chem. 2018 Sep 27; 61(18):8255-8281.
20 Molecular properties of fatty acids related to PPAR binding and metabolic diseases. Med Chem Res (2013) 22:3126-3133.
21 The discovery of novel and selective fatty acid binding protein 4 inhibitors by virtual screening and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem. 2016 Sep 15; 24(18):4310-4317.
22 Characterization of the drug binding specificity of rat liver fatty acid binding protein. J Med Chem. 2008 Jul 10; 51(13):3755-64.
23 The effects of pluronics block copolymers and Cremophor EL on intestinal lipoprotein processing and the potential link with P-glycoprotein in Caco-2 cells. Pharm Res. 2003 Jul;20(7):1085-92.

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